Confounding

Multicausality: Confounding - Assignment solutions

1. a. Reserpine is a risk factor. Overall, the incidence of breast cancer is 10.47 per 100,000 women-years in reserpine users and 6.14 per 100,000 women-years in nonusers. Moreover, among the non-obese, the rate ratio is: 6.40/4.10 = 1.6. Looking in the non-obese women avoids potential confounding by obesity if it is a risk factor. b. Obesity is also a risk factor. The overall incidence rates f...

Confounding and control

This paper deals both with the issues of confounding and of control, as the definition of a confounding factor is far from universal and there exist different methodological approaches, ex ante and ex post, for controlling for a confounding factor. In the first section the paper compares some definitions of a confounder given in the demographic and epidemiological literature with the definition...

Confounding by Indication: Response.

Regression and Random Confounding

This paper shows how the probability, for a random confounding factor to reverse the estimate of ordinary regression, decreases exponentially with the sample size.

Causality, Confounding, and Control

In a previous paper, Russo et al. (2006), causality is considered in the framework of structural models, i.e. statistical models characterized by parameters that are stable over a large class of interventions or of environmental changes and that take into account background and contextual knowledge. From this statistical viewpoint, causality is defined in terms of exogeneity in a structural mod...